In highway construction, what does "cut and fill" refer to?

In highway construction, "cut and fill" specifically refers to the process of adjusting the elevation of the ground by removing ("cut") earth material from one area and placing it in another area ("fill"). This technique is essential for creating a stable foundation for a roadway, ensuring proper drainage, and achieving the desired elevation profile. By balancing the amount of material removed in the cut with the amount added in the fill, construction projects can maintain a level grade and prevent erosion or other stability issues.

The other options pertain to different aspects of construction. Installing road signs and markings involves safety and traffic management but does not relate to earthmoving. Clearing trees and shrubs is important for site preparation but does not concern elevation changes. Excavating for drainage systems focuses on creating pathways for water management rather than adjusting the ground level.